Use of an artificial neural network model for estimation of unfrozen water content in frozen soils

The variation of unfrozen water content (UWC) has a significant influence on the physical and mechanical behaviors of frozen soils. Several empirical, semi-empirical, physical, and theoretical models are available in the literature to estimate the UWC in frozen soils. However, these models have limitations due to the complex interactions of various influencing factors that are not well understood or fully established. For this reason, in the present study, an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling framework is proposed and the PyTorch package is used for predicting UWC. Extensive UWC data of various types of soils tested under various conditions were collected through an extensive search of the literature. The developed ANN model showed good performance for the testing dataset. Its performance was further compared with two traditional statistical models on four soils and found to outperform these traditional models. Detailed discussions on the developed ANN model, and its strengths and limitations in comparison to different other models are provided. The study demon-strates that the proposed ANN model is simple yet reliable for estimating the UWC of various soils. In addition, the summa-rized UWC data and the proposed machine learning modeling framework are valuable for future studies related to frozen soils.