The relationship between natural environments and obesity: a systematic review

More than 100 million children and 13% of the adult population suffer from obesity globally. People with obesity experience higher risks of chronic illness, poor mental health outcomes, and premature death. Exposure to natural environments, including green spaces, encourages regular physical activity and cardiovascular exercise to combat obesity. This systematic review, based on the health lifestyle theory, explores previous research on the relationship between natural environments and obesity. We reviewed studies (N = 11) published between 2018 and 2023 examining the relationship between participants (N = 1,225,680) across seven countries. Two overarching areas of impact emerged: environmental health factors (air pollution) and social factors (socioeconomic status and food availability). Although many studies suggested that exposure to green spaces correlated with a lower incidence of obesity, few studies identified possible external factors to explain the relationship between green space and obesity. Implications for future policy legislation, clinical interventions, and research are presented.