The Need for Fundamental Photovoltaics Research to Ensure Energy Security

Despite the commercial maturity of photovoltaic (PV) technology, fundamental research remains essential for continued innovation, energy resilience, and strategic independence. The low cost and distributed nature of solar and wind power make them uniquely suited to deliver secure electricity without reliance on fuel supply chains. However, these strengths are the result of decades of foundational scientific inquiry, and continued progress depends on sustained support for such work. This paper outlines a future-oriented agenda for fundamental PV research, addressing challenges in materials, device architectures, characterization, and system integration. Drawing on discussions from the 53rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) in Montreal, we critically examine the narrative that PV is a “solved” problem. We argue that deep scientific exploration is not only vital for unlocking next-generation technologies but also for training the skilled workforce required to maintain technological leadership and to support the reliable functioning of national energy infrastructure. We conclude with targeted recommendations for funding agencies and policymakers on how to structure research support to maximize long-term impact.