The danger of missing instructions: A systematic analysis of security requirements for MCPS

The proliferation of networked medical devices has resulted in the development of innovative Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (MCPS) that promise more coordinated and high quality of care for patients. Unsurprisingly, the cybersecurity of MCPS is of high concern, as they are life-critical systems that, if compromised, may result in dire consequences to the patient. A variety of security requirements have been developed over the past 10 years as a result of governmental acts such as HITECH in order to better secure and protect healthcare environments. However, it is unclear how applicable these re-quirements may be to MCPS infrastructures. As a result, this case study analyzes current healthcare security requirements and their applicability to MCPS using an approach that leverages ontological representations and automated requirement traversal techniques. Using such a methodology, we find that 70% of applicable requirements/risks for MCPS components are missing from the security documentation, including serious items such as Authentication, Data Encryption, DoS attacks, and Legacy Vulnerabilities. We also validate our results within real-world instances and find that almost half of the relevant requirements are not implemented within existing MCPS architectures.