Technical aspects of osteoid osteoma ablation in children using MR-guided high intensity focussed ultrasound

Background: Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a painful bone tumour occurring in children and young adults. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided high intensity focussed ultrasound (MR-HIFU) allows non-invasive treatment without ionising radiation exposure, in contrast to the current standard of care treatment with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). This report describes technical aspects of MR-HIFU ablation in the first 8 paediatric OO patients treated in a safety and feasibility clinical trial (total enrolment of up to 12 patients). Materials and methods: OO lesions and adjacent periosteum were treated with MR-HIFU ablation in 5–20 sonications (sonication duration = 16–48 s, frequency = 1.2 MHz, acoustic power = 20–160 W). Detailed treatment workflow, patient positioning and coupling strategies, as well as temperature and tissue perfusion changes were summarised and correlated. Results: MR-HIFU ablation was feasible in all eight cases. Ultrasound standoff pads were shaped to conform to extremity contours providing acoustic coupling and aided patient positioning. The energy delivered was 10 ± 7 kJ per treatment, raising maximum temperature to 83 ± 3 °C. Post ablation contrast-enhanced MRI showed ablated volumes ranging 0.46–19.4 cm³ extending further into bone (7 ± 4 mm) than into soft tissue (4 ± 6 mm, p = 0.01, Mann–Whitney). Treatment time ranged 30–86 min for sonication and 160 ± 40 min for anaesthesia. No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed. Complete pain relief with no medication occurred in 7/8 patients within 28 days following treatment. Conclusions: MR-HIFU ablation of painful OO appears technically feasible in children and it may become a non-invasive and radiation-free alternative for painful OO. Therapy success, efficiency, and applicability may be improved through specialised equipment designed more specifically for extremity bone ablation.