Spontaneous synchronization of coupled oscillator systems with frequency adaptation

We study the synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators with all-to-all coupling in the presence of slow, noisy frequency adaptation. In this paper, we develop a model for oscillators, which adapt both their phases and frequencies. It is found that this model naturally reproduces some observed phenomena that are not qualitatively produced by the standard Kuramoto model, such as long waiting times before the synchronization of clapping audiences. By assuming a self-consistent steady state solution, we find three stability regimes for the coupling constant k, separated by critical points k1 and k2: (i) for k< k1 only the stable incoherent state exists; (ii) for k> k2, the incoherent state becomes unstable and only the synchronized state exists; and (iii) for k1 <k< k2 both the incoherent and synchronized states are stable. In the bistable regime spontaneous transitions between the incoherent and synchronized states are observed for finite ensembles. These transitions are well described as a stochastic process on the order parameter r undergoing fluctuations due to the system's finite size, leading to the following conclusions: (a) in the bistable regime, the average waiting time of an incoherent→coherent transition can be predicted by using Kramer's escape time formula and grows exponentially with the number of oscillators; (b) when the incoherent state is unstable (k> k2), the average waiting time grows logarithmically with the number of oscillators.