TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial variation of PM elemental composition between and within 20 European study areas - Results of the ESCAPE project
AU - Tsai, Ming Yi
AU - Hoek, Gerard
AU - Eeftens, Marloes
AU - de Hoogh, Kees
AU - Beelen, Rob
AU - Beregszászi, Timea
AU - Cesaroni, Giulia
AU - Cirach, Marta
AU - Cyrys, Josef
AU - De Nazelle, Audrey
AU - de Vocht, Frank
AU - Ducret-Stich, Regina
AU - Eriksen, Kirsten
AU - Galassi, Claudia
AU - Gražuleviciene, Regina
AU - Gražulevicius, Tomas
AU - Grivas, Georgios
AU - Gryparis, Alexandros
AU - Heinrich, Joachim
AU - Hoffmann, Barbara
AU - Iakovides, Minas
AU - Keuken, Menno
AU - Krämer, Ursula
AU - Künzli, Nino
AU - Lanki, Timo
AU - Madsen, Christian
AU - Meliefste, Kees
AU - Merritt, Anne Sophie
AU - Mölter, Anna
AU - Mosler, Gioia
AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
AU - Pershagen, Göran
AU - Phuleria, Harish
AU - Quass, Ulrich
AU - Ranzi, Andrea
AU - Schaffner, Emmanuel
AU - Sokhi, Ranjeet
AU - Stempfelet, Morgane
AU - Stephanou, Euripides
AU - Sugiri, Dorothea
AU - Taimisto, Pekka
AU - Tewis, Marjan
AU - Udvardy, Orsolya
AU - Wang, Meng
AU - Brunekreef, Bert
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2015/11/1
Y1 - 2015/11/1
N2 - An increasing number of epidemiological studies suggest that adverse health effects of air pollution may be related to particulate matter (PM) composition, particularly trace metals. However, we lack comprehensive data on the spatial distribution of these elements.We measured PM2.5 and PM10 in twenty study areas across Europe in three seasonal two-week periods over a year using Harvard impactors and standardized protocols. In each area, we selected street (ST), urban (UB) and regional background (RB) sites (totaling 20) to characterize local spatial variability. Elemental composition was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of all PM2.5 and PM10 filters. We selected a priori eight (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V, Zn) well-detected elements of health interest, which also roughly represented different sources including traffic, industry, ports, and wood burning.PM elemental composition varied greatly across Europe, indicating different regional influences. Average street to urban background ratios ranged from 0.90 (V) to 1.60 (Cu) for PM2.5 and from 0.93 (V) to 2.28 (Cu) for PM10.Our selected PM elements were variably correlated with the main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance, NO2 and NOx) across Europe: in general, Cu and Fe in all size fractions were highly correlated (Pearson correlations above 0.75); Si and Zn in the coarse fractions were modestly correlated (between 0.5 and 0.75); and the remaining elements in the various size fractions had lower correlations (around 0.5 or below). This variability in correlation demonstrated the distinctly different spatial distributions of most of the elements. Variability of PM10_Cu and Fe was mostly due to within-study area differences (67% and 64% of overall variance, respectively) versus between-study area and exceeded that of most other traffic-related pollutants, including NO2 and soot, signaling the importance of non-tailpipe (e.g., brake wear) emissions in PM.
AB - An increasing number of epidemiological studies suggest that adverse health effects of air pollution may be related to particulate matter (PM) composition, particularly trace metals. However, we lack comprehensive data on the spatial distribution of these elements.We measured PM2.5 and PM10 in twenty study areas across Europe in three seasonal two-week periods over a year using Harvard impactors and standardized protocols. In each area, we selected street (ST), urban (UB) and regional background (RB) sites (totaling 20) to characterize local spatial variability. Elemental composition was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of all PM2.5 and PM10 filters. We selected a priori eight (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V, Zn) well-detected elements of health interest, which also roughly represented different sources including traffic, industry, ports, and wood burning.PM elemental composition varied greatly across Europe, indicating different regional influences. Average street to urban background ratios ranged from 0.90 (V) to 1.60 (Cu) for PM2.5 and from 0.93 (V) to 2.28 (Cu) for PM10.Our selected PM elements were variably correlated with the main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance, NO2 and NOx) across Europe: in general, Cu and Fe in all size fractions were highly correlated (Pearson correlations above 0.75); Si and Zn in the coarse fractions were modestly correlated (between 0.5 and 0.75); and the remaining elements in the various size fractions had lower correlations (around 0.5 or below). This variability in correlation demonstrated the distinctly different spatial distributions of most of the elements. Variability of PM10_Cu and Fe was mostly due to within-study area differences (67% and 64% of overall variance, respectively) versus between-study area and exceeded that of most other traffic-related pollutants, including NO2 and soot, signaling the importance of non-tailpipe (e.g., brake wear) emissions in PM.
KW - Air pollution
KW - Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF)
KW - Exposure assessment
KW - PM
KW - PM
KW - PM composition
KW - Spatial contrasts
KW - Trace elements
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84940942422
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.015
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.015
M3 - Article
C2 - 26342569
AN - SCOPUS:84940942422
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 84
SP - 181
EP - 192
JO - Environment International
JF - Environment International
ER -