Sonar model for humpback whale song

The humpback whale song and associated behaviors in the light of modern advances in underwater sound and signal processing are examined. Simulations with the parabolic equation show that the acoustic environment of the breeding ground is often excellent for sonar in the 4-5 octave band of humpback song, enabling singers to locate other pods at ranges up to 6 km. All humpback whale behaviors are consistent with the sonar model. The sonar model explains how singing males find nonvocalizing females, despite the fact that females generally ignore or avoid singers. It also explains why males hardly ever sing while in the company of females or while competing with other males for the position of primary escort.