Solution chemistry of europium(III) aqua ion at micromolar concentrations as probed by direct excitation luminescence spectroscopy

Direct excitation europium(III) luminescence spectroscopy is used to study the speciation of aqueous europium(III) ions at micromolar concentrations and near neutral pH. The pH and concentration dependence of the europium(III) ⁷F₀→⁵D₀ excitation peak is consistent with the formation of both mononuclear and dinuclear europium(III) hydroxide complexes at pH 6.5. Luminescence intensity and lifetime quenching studies in the presence of Nd^III at pH 5.0 and 6.5 support the formation of a dinuclear complex at pH 6.5. Steady state excitation and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy are consistent with the formation of innersphere nitrate and fluoride complexes, but outersphere perchlorate and chloride complexes at pH 6.5 and 5.0.