Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/4 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine spherical equivalent refractive errors, especially myopia, at six ages between 3 months and 5 1/4 years post-term in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g. Design: A cohort study. Participants: There were a total of 827 participants in the multicenter study of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Approximately one third of the eyes did not develop ROP, whereas two thirds developed mild-to-severe ROP. None of the eyes underwent cryotherapy. Intervention: Refractive error was measured at 3 months, 1 year, and 5 1/4 years after term due date at the five long-term follow-up centers. In most eyes, refractive error also was measured at 2, 3 1/4 , and 4 1/4 years. Main Outcome Measure: Myopia was defined as 0.25 diopter (D) or greater with high myopia as 5 D or greater. Results: The proportion of eyes with myopia in this preterm population was increased compared to published data on full-term children and was related to severity of both acute-phase and cicatricial- phase ROP. The percentage of eyes with myopia varied little across ages, ranging from 21.2% at 1 year to 15.7% at 4 1/4 years. The percentage of eyes with high myopia doubled from 1.8% to 3.9% between 3 months and 1 year and remained stable thereafter. The distribution of refractive errors in eyes with mild acute-phase ROP was similar to that of eyes with no ROP. In contrast, eyes with moderate or severe acute-phase ROP showed an increased prevalence of high myopia. The distribution of refractive errors changed between 3 months and 1 year with little change after 1 year. This pattern of refractive development differs from that of full-term infants. Birth weight, severity of ROP, and degree of myopia at 3 months predicted the presence of myopia and high myopia at 5 1/4 years of age. Conclusions: The distribution of refractive errors in preterm infants from age 3 months to 5 1/4 years varies with severity of acute-phase ROP and cicatricial disease. Changes in refractive error distribution occur primarily between 3 months and 1 year and involve a decrease in the proportion of eyes with hyperopia and an increase in the proportion with high degrees of myopia.