Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling

There are multiple potential sites in the pathway from DNA to protein that are available for regulation. Drugs can regulate gene expression at various steps, alone or jointly with other transcription factors and/or hormones. The generalized mathematical models for receptor/gene/transduction dynamics facilitate the understanding of the global picture of drug actions and provide new insights for microarray data analysis. Pharmacogenomics provides an opportunity to examine multiple factors and mechanisms affecting the diverse molecular to whole-body actions of drugs. The PK/PD/PG models of the future will further integrate pharmacokinetics, molecular biology and systems pharmacology.