PH-and Cation-Dependent Water Oxidation on Rutile RuO₂(110)

Noncovalent interactions at electrified interfaces are key to improving activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we showed that on RuO2(110) in alkaline solutions, OER activity is cation-dependent, being largest in 0.1 M KOH compared to LiOH and NaOH. Using crystal truncation rod analysis,-O is detected on the coordinatively unsaturated site at 1.5 VRHE in 0.1 M KOH, suggesting that the rate-determining step is-O + OH- →-OOH + e-, which is different from that in acid involving the final deprotonation of-OOH. The ordering of interfacial water in base was found to decrease with increasing potential and independent of cations. Using surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, the density of isolated water molecules (zero H-bonds) was found to increase, and the density of icelike water molecules (four H-bonds) decreases from Li+ to K+ at OER potentials. The higher activity of more isolated interfacial OH- ions in the case of K+ and the lesser stabilization of-O intermediates by hydration water of K+ compared to Na+ and Li+ can result in higher OER activity for KOH. This work provides molecular details of the interface as a function of potential and electrolyte and enables the design of more active electrochemical interfaces.