Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

Codeveloped by the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, this publication presents the 2025 guidelines for basic life support during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care of the pediatric patient, excluding the newborn infant, and represents the first comprehensive update of treatment recommendations since 2020. Incorporating the results of structured evidence reviews from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, these guidelines are for lay rescuers and health care professionals with recommendations designed to improve survival from sudden cardiac arrest and acute life-threatening cardiopulmonary problems. Existing guidelines remain relevant unless specifically updated in this publication. Topics reviewed include the initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation; pulse check; components of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation; chest compression technique; support surfaces for cardiopulmonary resuscitation; opening the airway; coordination of shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; types of defibrillators or automated external defibrillators; defibrillator paddle or pad size, type, position; treatment of inadequate breathing with a pulse; and foreign-body airway obstruction. Key topics that are new, are substantially revised, or have significant new literature include the elimination of 2-finger chest compressions in infants due to ineffectiveness of achieving proper depth with a recommendation of 1-hand or 2 thumb–encircling hands technique; the immediate application and use of an automated external defibrillator with a pediatric attenuator if available for cardiac arrest; and in infants with severe foreign-body airway obstruction repeated cycles of 5 back blows alternating with 5 chest thrusts (no abdominal thrusts), and in children with severe foreign-body airway obstruction repeated cycles of 5 back blows alternating with 5 abdominal thrusts.