Oral administration of a streptococcal antigen coupled to cholera toxin B subunit evokes strong antibody responses in salivary glands and extramucosal tissues

Generation of local and systemic immune responses by the oral administration of antigens is frequently inefficient, requiring large quantities of immunogens and yielding only modest antibody responses. In this study, we have demonstrated that oral administration of microgram amounts of Streptococcus mutans protein antigen I/II covalently coupled to the B subunit of cholera toxin elicits vigorous mucosal as well as extramucosal immunoglobulin A and G antistreptococcal antibody responses in mice. These responses were manifested by the presence of large numbers of antibody-secreting cells in salivary glands, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleens and by the development of high levels of circulating antibodies. This novel immunization strategy may find broad application in the construction of oral vaccines for the control of infectious diseases caused by pathogens encountered at mucosal and extramucosal sites.