Operational amplifier circuitry for controlled current or potential with automatic self-biasing for doubled voltage, compliance

Operational amplifier circuits with an automatic self-biasing feature have been devised. These circuits nearly double the voltage available from a given pair of operational amplifiers for current or potential control applications. The principle used leads to circuit configurations that apply voltages proportional in magnitude but opposite in sign across a load to nearly double the usual voltage compliance. An existing multi-purpose electrochemical device was simply and inexpensively modified to include the self-biasing feature and the higher capability and performance of the resulting instrument were clearly demonstrated.