Neonatal rat dietary carbohydrate affects pancreatic islet insulin secretion in adults and progeny

Neonatal rat pups were artificially reared on isocaloric diets high in carbohydrate (HC) or high in fat (HF) or were naturally reared on mother's milk (MF). The HC adult rats were hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic, and obese. This study investigates pancreatic islet insulin release (IR) of the adult first-generation (1-) diet-regulated animals and their second-generation (2- ) progeny. Male rat 1-HC islets had higher basal IR than either 1-MF or 1-HF control groups. In addition, glucose (17 mM) failed to increase IR above basal values in 1-HC islets, whereas it stimulated IR in 1-MF and 1-HF islets. Similar secretory responses were evoked by 2-ketoisocaproic acid (2- KIC). Female rat 1-MF and 1-HF islets also had higher glucose-stimulated IR compared with 1-HC islets. Male rat 2-HC islets had higher basal IR and reduced sensitivity to glucose and 2-KIC compared with 2-MF islets, which coincided with hyperinsulinemia. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in 1-HC and 2-HC islets was higher than in MF islets. These data suggest that basal IR is higher in islets isolated from animals reared as neonates on a diet high in carbohydrate. Alterations in β-cell metabolism and secretion probably contribute to the hyperinsulinemia, reduced glucose sensitivity, and glucose intolerance characteristic of this rat model.