Nd isotope records of late Ordovician sea-level change-Implications for glaciation frequency and global stratigraphic correlation

Detailed records of ice-sheet advances and retreats are reconstructed for the Hirnantian and Katian ages of the Late Ordovician using Nd isotopes (ε_Nd) as a sea-level proxy in three study sections from the western margin of Laurentia: two shallow water platform sections located south and north of the paleo-equator, and one deep water section located in a continental slope-rise setting. When sea-level was high and paleo-shorelines had migrated eastward, the ε_Nd value of seawater in the vicinity of each of the study sections shifted toward the ε_Nd value of the eastern Panthalassa Ocean (~-4.0). By contrast, when sea-level was low and paleo-shorelines had migrated westward, the ε_Nd value of seawater shifted toward the ε_Nd value of the continental weathering flux from Laurentia (-8.5±0.2, 2σ_mean). These stratigraphic patterns of changing ε_Nd values are interpreted to reflect the eustatic sea-level fluctuations that previous studies have documented in response to Gondwanan ice-sheet advances and retreats, thus linking the ε_Nd sea-level proxy to Late Ordovician global-scale climate changes. The ε_Nd profiles for the two platform sections yielded similar proxy sea-level curves with five cycles of oscillation recorded during the latest Katian and Hirnantian. Three additional cycles of late Katian sea-level change are recognized in the ε_Nd profile of the deep water continental slope-rise section.The combination of ε_Nd, δ¹³C and graptolite biostratigraphic data facilitates a precise interregional correlation of the Hirnantian Age and the paleoclimate changes that took place during this interval. The new correlations support previous findings that the Hirnantian ice age comprised two major glacial periods separated by a minor interglacial during the early part of the Metabolograptus persculptus Biozone. The younger glacial (confined to mid M. persculptus Biozone time) led to more extensive sea surface cooling than did the earlier one, and resulted in extensive eustatic sea-level drawdown and C-cycle changes. It records the strata most often recognized as HICE (the Hirnantian Carbon Isotope Excursion) in sedimentary successions worldwide, such as Anticosti Island, Scotland, Estonia, Siberia, and South China. The results of this study support and strengthen the view that glaciation predated the Hirnantian Age in the Late Ordovician, and that the records of small positive δ¹³C excursions in Katian successions from Baltica and eastern North America are themselves proxy indicators of glaciation frequency and eustatic sea-level changes.