Materials review: 3D printing a biomechanically accurate cervical spine model for surgical education and case preparation

Given the limitations of cadavers, 3D printing has the potential to improve development of human cervical spine models for use in medical educational and surgical case preparation. A literature review of quantitative biomechanical specifications such as Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio, as well as qualitative components of major anatomical aspects of the human spine was performed. Datasheets from seven thermoplastic manufacturers were compiled to review the specifications and mechanical properties of their materials. Suggested thermoplastics were assigned to specific anatomical features of the cervical spine according to their respective biomechanical properties and presented. Commercially available materials and techniques exist to simulate the investigated anatomical components of the cervical spine as a cost-effective 3D-printed model with biomechanical accuracy.