Management of humeral and glenoid bone loss associated with glenohumeral instability: Results with anatomical bone grafting

Anterior glenohumeral instability complicated by bone loss is a challenging problem and, when severe, may require surgical treatment with bone grafting. We review our institution's experience with humeral head and glenoid bone grafting for large Hill-Sachs lesions and glenoid defects. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent intraarticular bone reconstruction for Hill-Sachs and large glenoid defects for anterior instability at our institution during 2002-2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Those who had undergone concomitant humeral head replacement were excluded. Six patients were identified as having undergone allograft or autograft iliac crest bone graft reconstruction of the glenoid, with four available for full follow-up (average 39 months; range, 7 to 63). Five patients were identified as having undergone humeral head allograft reconstruction and four were available for full follow-up (average 28 months; range, 11 to 40). The remaining three patients were available for telephone follow-up. American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) and University of California, Los Angles (UCLA) scores were recorded and radiographs obtained. Results: Average postoperative ASES and UCLA scores for glenoid bone graft patients were 91 and 33, respectively. Average postoperative ASES and UCLA scores for humeral bone graft patients were 85.3 and 28.4, respectively. Glenoid bone graft shoulders, when compared to the opposite normal side, lost an average of 3° of forward flexion, 10° of external rotation, and two levels of internal rotation. Humeral head bone-grafted shoulders, lost an average of 23° of forward flexion, 8° of external rotation, and two levels of internal rotation. No episodes of recurrent subluxation or dislocations were reported. Radiographs showed no evidence of graft resorption or hardware prominence. Conclusions: Bone grafting procedures around the shoulder for the treatment of instability provided relief from recurrent instability and good functional results.