Kinetic and Thermodynamic Barriers to Carbon and Oxygen Alkylation of Phenol and Phenoxide Ion by the 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl Carbocation

Rate constant ratios for addition of the three nucleophilic sites of phenol to the 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl carbocation (1⁺) in 50/50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water were determined from the relative yields of the three phenol adducts, and absolute rate constants were determined from product rate constant ratios for addition of phenol and azide ion to 1⁺ using k_az = 5 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1 for the diffusion-limited reaction of azide ion. A selectivity of 230:20:1 was determined for alkylation of phenol at oxygen, C-4 and C-2 to form 1-OPh and biphenyls 1-(4-C₆H₄OH) and 1-(2-C₆H ₄OH), respectively, and of 2:2:1 for alkylation of the corresponding nucleophilic sites of phenoxide ion in diffusion-limited reactions. The Mayr nucleophilicity parameter for C-4 of phenol is N = 2.0. Encounter-limited addition of phenoxide ion to 1⁺ to form 1-OPh is faster than encounter-limited addition of oxygen anions that are either more or less basic than phenoxide ion. Only the products of solvolysis are observed from acid-catalyzed cleavage of 1-OPh in 50/50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water, but a 50% yield of biphenyls 1-(4-C₆H₄OH) and 1-(2-C ₆H₄OH) are observed from spontaneous cleavage of 1-OPh, where the leaving group is phenoxide ion, because of the very low kinetic barriers to collapse of the ion pair intermediate 1^+.PhO ^-. The 230-fold larger rate constant for O-compared to C-2-alkylation of phenol is due primarily to the larger thermodynamic driving force for oxygen addition. There are similar Marcus intrinsic barriers for these two reactions.