Innovative Sample Preparation Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in Environmental Samples

Sample treatment plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate analysis of contaminants in aqueous, gaseous, and solid matrices. Emerging contaminants such as microplastics and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances pose challenges due to their ubiquity and potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. By setting stringent guidelines, environmental protection agencies drive research and innovation in analytical methodologies. However, current reference methods are based on traditional techniques with a high use of chemicals and considerable waste generation. This review highlights the importance of advanced techniques, including solid-phase extraction and microextraction methods, enhanced by novel materials, for preparing environmental samples. Additionally, it discusses innovative formats and devices, such as drone-based systems and three-dimensional-printed devices, which are expanding the scope of environmental monitoring. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of trends and advances in sample preparation for environmental analysis over the past five years, offering insights into progress made and future directions.