Influence of dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus on chronic periodontal disease

Background: Periodontal disease is closely related to certain systemic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and, as recently described, dyslipidemia, a condition with alterations in blood lipids levels. However, more than acting as disease modifiers, these conditions commonly occur as comorbidities, possibly synergically affecting periodontal tissues. The aim of the current study is to identify whether DM2 and dyslipidemia are related to the occurrence and severity of chronic periodontitis. Methods: A total of 254 individuals participated: 56 were patients with DM2, 67 had dyslipidemia, 74 had DM2 and dyslipidemia, and 57 were systemically healthy individuals. The clinical examination included a full-mouth evaluation of periodontal probing depth, plaque score, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Blood samples were taken to assess fasting plasma glucose, low-density lipoprotein, highdensity lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. These parameters, as well as other medical conditions (i.e., smoking habits and body mass index), were considered in multiple regression analyses for data analyses (α = 5%). Results: Dyslipidemia was not related to periodontal disease (P >0.05). At the same time, DM2, age, and smoking showed a statistical and positive association, an increase in percentage of sites with CAL ≥3 and ≥5 mm. Regarding the percentage of sites presenting severe destruction (CAL ≥7 mm), only DM2 remained a significant risk factor (P <0.05). Conclusions: It could be concluded that dyslipidemia did not influence periodontal conditions in participants with normal health or those with DM2. However, age, smoking habits, and especially DM2 were significantly associated with loss of CAL.