Immune tolerance platforms to mitigate unwanted immune responses

Unwanted immune responses lead to several clinical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, allergies, and anti-drug antibody formation against biological therapeutic modalities. To address these challenges, tolerance-inducing strategies have emerged as a promising approach to restore immune homeostasis and prevent unwanted immune responses to treat various clinical conditions. Over the past decade, multiple tolerance platforms have been developed, each characterized by distinct mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and safety profiles. In this review, we provide an overview of current tolerance-inducing platforms, discuss their immunological mechanisms, evaluate their safety profiles, and assess their potential for clinical translation. Finally, we highlight key challenges and perspectives that may inform the rational design and clinical applications of tolerance platforms.