How fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimming

The aim of the present study was to quantify the improvements in the economy and efficiency of surface swimming brought about by the use of fins over a range of speeds (v) that could be sustained aerobically. At comparable speeds, the energy cost (C) when swimming with fins was about 40% lower than when swimming without them; when compared at the same metabolic power, the decrease in C allowed an increase in v of about 0.2m s^-1. Fins only slightly decrease the amplitude of the kick (by about 10%) but cause a large reduction (about 40%) in the kick frequency. The decrease in kick frequency leads to a parallel decrease of the internal work rate (Ẇ_int, about 75% at comparable speeds) and of the power wasted to impart kinetic energy to the water (Ẇ_k, about 40%). These two components of total power expenditure were calculated from video analysis (Ẇ_int) and from measurements of Froude efficiency (Ẇ_k). Froude efficiency (η_F) was calculated by computing the speed of the bending waves moving along the body in a caudal direction (as proposed for the undulating movements of slender fish); η_F was found to be 0.70 when swimming with fins and 0.61 when swimming without them. No difference in the power to overcome frictional forces (Ẇ_d) was observed between the two conditions at comparable speeds. Mechanical efficiency [Ẇ_tot/(Cv), where Ẇ_tot=Ẇ_k+Ẇ_int+Ẇ _d] was found to be about 10% larger when swimming with fins, i.e. 0.13±0.02 with and 0.11±0.02 without fins (average for all subjects at comparable speeds).