Historic Residential Redlining and Present-Day Social Determinants of Health, Home Evictions, and Food Insecurity within US Neighborhoods

Objective: Examine the association between historic residential redlining and present-day racial/ethnic composition of neighborhoods, racial/ethnic differences in social determinant of health domains, and risk of home evictions and food insecurity. Research Design and Methods: We examined data on 12,334 (for eviction sample), and 8996 (for food insecurity sample), census tracts in 213 counties across 37 states in the USA with data on exposure to historic redlining. First, we examined relationships between Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining grades (A=”Best”, B=”Still Desirable”, C=”Definitely Declining”, D=”Hazardous”) and present-day racial/ethnic composition and racial/ethnic differences in social determinant of health domains of neighborhoods. Second, we examined whether historic redlining is associated with present-day home eviction rates (measured across eviction filings rates, and eviction judgment rates for 12,334 census tracts in 2018) and food insecurity (measured across low supermarket access, low supermarket access and income, low supermarket access and low car ownership for 8996 census tracts in 2019). Multivariable regression models were adjusted for census tract population, urban/rural designation, and county level fixed effects. Results: Relative to areas with a historic HOLC grading of “A (Best)”, areas with a “D (Hazardous)” grading had a 2.59 (95%CI=1.99–3.19; p-value<0.01) higher rate of eviction filings, and a 1.03 (95%CI=0.80–1.27; p-value<0.01) higher rate of eviction judgments. Compared to areas with a historic HOLC grading of “A (Best)”, areas rated with a “D (Hazardous)” had a 16.20 (95%CI=15.02–17.79; p-value<0.01) higher rate of food insecurity based on supermarket access and income, and a 6.15 (95%CI =5.53–6.76; p-value<0.01) higher rate of food insecurity based on supermarket access and car ownership. Conclusions: Historic residential redlining is significantly associated with present-day home evictions and food insecurity, highlighting persistent associations between structural racism and present-day social determinants of health.