Greenland high-elevation mass balance: Inference and implication of reference period (1961-90) imbalance

We revisit the input-output mass budget of the high-elevation region of the Greenland ice sheet evaluated by the Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA). Our revised reference period (1961-90) mass balance of 54 ± 48 Gt a^-1 is substantially greater than the 0 ± 21 Gt a^-1 assessed by PARCA, but consistent with a recent, fully independent, input-output estimate of high-elevation mass balance (41 ± 61 Gt a^-1). Together these estimates infer a reference period high-elevation specific mass balance of 4.8 ± 5.4 cm w.e. a^-1. The probability density function (PDF) associated with this combined input-output estimate infers an 81% likelihood of high-elevation specific mass balance being positive (>0 cm w.e. a^-1) during the reference period, and a 70% likelihood that specific balance was >2 cm w.e. a^-1. Given that reference period accumulation is characteristic of centurial and millennial means, and that in situ mass-balance observations exhibit a dependence on surface slope rather than surface mass balance, we suggest that millennial-scale ice dynamics are the primary driver of subtle reference period high-elevation mass gain. Failure to acknowledge subtle reference period dynamic mass gain can result in underestimating recent dynamic mass loss by ∼17%, and recent total Greenland mass loss by ∼7%.