Functional significance of expiratory muscles during spontaneous breathing in anesthetized dogs

Recent electromyographic studies in awake and anesthetized dogs have demonstrated that spontaneous breathing in prone dogs is associated with an increased activation of the expiratory muscles compared with that recorded in supine dogs. On the basis of these observations, one would infer that the mechanical role and contribution of the expiratory musculature to the act of breathing are enhanced in the prone posture. The changes in length associated with these postural increases in expiratory muscle electrical activity, however, have not been investigated and formed the basis of our investigation. We examined the active and passive changes in length of expiratory muscles during spontaneous breathing in supine and prone anesthetized dogs and assessed the relative role of the expiratory musculature in the generation of tidal volume. The experiments were performed on eight mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. In all eight animals, spontaneous breathing in the prone posture was associated with an increased activation (electromyogram) of the triangularis sterni, external oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles compared with that recorded in the supine posture. We quantitated the role of the expiratory muscles in both postures by measuring the volume difference between relaxation volume of the respiratory system and the end-expiratory lung volume. In the supine animal, 93 ml were attributed to the expiratory musculature, whereas in the prone animal, we noted that 186 ml (P < 0.01) were displaced during expiration, representing 43 and 52% (NS) of tidal volume, respectively. During spontaneous breathing in the supine or prone posture, all three expiratory muscles underwent significant length changes. When length changes were differentiated as active or passive, we noted that, in the supine posture, only the triangularis sterni actively shortened below its relaxation length (L(rel)) during expiration (5.7 ± 2.7% L(rel)). Conversely, in the prone posture, we noted that, of the three expiratory muscles studied, only the transversus abdominis actively shortened to lengths less than L(rel) at end expiration (6.5 ± 2.2% L(rel)). We conclude that the expiratory phase of breathing is responsible for generating a substantial portion of tidal volume.