Framing the beholder’s visual experience: an investigation of perspectival thinking for urban design

Starting with Hermann Maertens in Germany in the 19^th century, urban designers have used rules of real-life perspective to position environmental objects with respect to the viewer. In a slow and intermittent evolution, they have engaged in ever more elaborate applications of such design, but have treated it as technique, neglecting theoretical investigation. The subject deserves new attention now that our lives are dominated ever more by electronic media, which may be atrophying our intuitive sense of space. The article investigates ideas of perspectival design through the 20^th century, describes applications in urban design practice, points out flaws and limitations, responds to criticisms, and suggests theoretical directions.