Extending the self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model to pathological traits

Past research using trait characteristics to predict when self- or informant-reports of personality disorders (PD) contribute more information is mixed. Study 1 extended past research by assessing pathological trait characteristics and comparing them to normal-range traits in an undergraduate (n = 217) and community (n = 211) sample. Pathological traits were rated as less socially desirable or observable than normal-range traits, though effect sizes varied by trait and sample. Study 2 tested predictions drawn from these findings about the incremental validity of self- and informant-reports in predicting PD as defined by either traits or symptoms, in an undergraduate (n = 670) and clinical (n = 158) sample. Predictions were accurate in 10 out of 18 analyses; further suggestions are discussed.