Experimental End-To-End Delay Analysis of LTE Cat-M With High-Rate Synchrophasor Communications

Micro-phasor measurement units (μ-PMUs) are devices that permit monitoring voltage and current in the distribution grid with high accuracy, thus enabling a wide range of smart grid applications, such as state estimation, protection, and control. These devices need to transmit the synchronous measurements of voltage and current, also known as synchrophasors, to the power utility control center at a high rate. The use of wireless networks, such as LTE, to transmit synchrophasor data is becoming increasingly popular. However, synchrophasors are included in small frames and it would be more efficient to use low-power cellular solutions such as LTE cat-M. In this work, we present experimental research on the deployment of a μ-PMU with the ability to connect over a commercial LTE cat-M network. The deployed μ-PMU is built with off-the-shelf hardware, such as Arduino microcontrollers, and is used to transmit data - compliant with the IEEE C37.118.2 standard - at a variable rate from 1 to 80 frames/s. A detailed network performance analysis is carried out to show the suitability of LTE cat-M to support μ-PMU communications. Experimental results on performance indicators, such as delay and jitter, are reported. The effect of the LTE cat-M access mechanism on the time distribution of frame arrivals is also thoroughly analyzed.