Exercising divers' thermal protection as a function of water temperature

Physiological adjustments and passive thermal insulation are not sufficient to protect divers in the cold and warm waters experienced by sport, professional and military divers. in a previous study of resting subjects, divers were protected by actively heated/cooled water that perfused a six-zone (head, torso, arms, hands, legs and feet) tube suit. subsequently a self-contained diver thermal protection system (DtPs) was developed and used in this study to test male divers (n = 8) wearing a 6-mm foam neoprene wetsuit in water temperatures (tW) of 10°C-39°C at 4 feet in depth. the DtPs is a scuba backpack containing five thermoelectric devices that heat/cool water to 30°C, six pumps that circulate the water through a six-zone tube suit via two manifolds, and an electronic controller. skin temperatures (t_s, n = 17) and core temperature (tC, capsule) were measured. the DtPs and each zone of the tube suit were also instrumented. Divers were tested with the DtPs operational (protected) and turned off (unprotected) for 90 minutes. in the unprotected condition, ts decreased and approached tW, while tC trended to decrease over the exposure time. Mean ts as a function of tW was ts = 0.44 t_W + 21.23°C while unprotected, but ts = 0.19 t_W + 27.1°C when the diver was protected. the average total heating/cooling power required to protect the diver was 166±78W, 86±95W, 9±75W, 72±45W, 135±73W, 279±87W and 336±95W at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 39°C water temperatures, respectively. this power requirement was nominally split 4%, 22%, 22%, 14%, 25% and 13% for head, torso, arms, hands, legs and feet, respectively. While unprotected, divers ts and tC did not remain within acceptable limits in tW below 25°C or above 30°C. When using the DtPs, however, they did remain within acceptable limits, and the divers reported they were comfortable.