Endovascular Therapy of Extracranial and Intracranial Occlusive Disease

Internal carotid artery stenosis is the most common presentation of extracranial carotid artery disease. In this chapter, we present the current status of balloon angioplasty and stenting for the treatment of extracranial and intracranial occlusive disease. Endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis has evolved significantly over the last decade. In contrast to carotid artery interventions, catheter-based revascularization of extracranial vertebral artery atherosclerotic disease is less understood and is typically reserved for symptomatic patients in whom medical therapy is a failure. We review available data demonstrating indications, safety, and efficacy of such treatments, and also discuss new technologic developments of this rapidly evolving field.