Efficient decoupling capacitance budgeting considering operation and process variations

This paper solves the variation-aware decoupling capacitance (decap) budgeting problem. Unlike previous works which only consider worst case design, for the first time, we consider the input of both process variation and operation variation for decap budgeting. A novel stochastic current model is proposed that efficiently and accurately captures temporal correlation between clock cycles, logic-induced correlation between ports, and current variation due to process variation with spatial correlation. An iterative alternative programming algorithm that is applicable to a variety of current models is then developed. Compared with the baseline model which assumes maximum current peaks at all ports, the model considering temporal correlation reduces noise by up to 5×, and the model considering both temporal and logic-induced correlations reduces noise by up to 17 ×. Compared with using deterministic process parameters, considering process variation (in particular L_eff variation) reduces the mean noise by up to 4 × and 3σ noise by up to 13 × when both applying the current model with temporal and logic-induced correlations. Note that stochastic optimization has been used mainly for process variation in the literature, but this paper convincingly demonstrate that stochastic optimization considering operation variation is effective to reduce overdesign introduced by worst case design for power integrity. Such stochastic optimization has a wide scope of applications to design problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study on decap insertion for power network design considering current correlations including process variation.