Effects of Multiple Near-Infrared LEDs (700, 850, and 980 nm) CW-PBM on Mitochondrial Respiration and Gene Expression in MG63 Osteoblasts

Background and Aim: This study evaluated mitochondrial and osteogenic activity in MG-63 pre-osteoblastic cells after photobiomodulation (PBM) using multiple near-infrared LED sources (Nuralyte) emitting wavelengths from 700 to 1100 nm. Materials and Methods: MG-63 cells were irradiated daily for 3, 5, or 7 days with energy densities of 5.3 J/cm² (30 s, optimal dose) and 10.6 J/cm² (60 s, high dose). Mitochondrial function was assessed using the XF Seahorse analyzer, and gene expression of osteogenic markers was analyzed. Results: Maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) significantly decreased at the optimal dose but increased at the high dose (p < 0.001) in 5-day irradiated cultures. Upregulation of osteogenic markers (OCN, OPN, BMP-2, COL-1, RUNX2) occurred after 3–5 consecutive days of irradiation, with greater activation at the optimal dose. Conclusion: MG-63 cells respond to PBM using MNI-LEDs (700, 850, 980 nm) by modulating mitochondrial respiration and boosting bone-related gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner.