Effect of surface ice on solar pond performance

A solar pond simulation model is described which includes the capability for predicting surface ice growth. The model is a direct extension of a previous numerical wind-mixing model. Ice predictions are based on studies of lake and sea ice growth and dissipation. The model incorporates the effect of salinity on freezing temperature and on the temperature of maximum density. Ice growth rates predicted by the model are verified using data from a simple laboratory experiment. Results from numerical simulations of a hypothetical pond in the Buffalo, New York area are presented and these demonstrate a net positive effect of ice cover, notably in reducing gradient maintenance needs for the surface layer.