TY - JOUR
T1 - Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders—INfORM recommendations
T2 - Comprehensive and short-form adaptations for adolescents
AU - International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM)
AU - Ekberg, Ewa Carin
AU - Nilsson, Ing Marie
AU - Michelotti, Ambrosina
AU - Al-Khotani, Amal
AU - Alstergren, Per
AU - Rodrigues Conti, Paulo Cesar
AU - Durham, Justin
AU - Goulet, Jean Paul
AU - Hirsch, Christian
AU - Kalaykova, Stanimira
AU - Kapos, Flavia P.
AU - King, Christopher D.
AU - Komiyama, Osamu
AU - Koutris, Michail
AU - List, Thomas
AU - Lobbezoo, Frank
AU - Ohrbach, Richard
AU - Palermo, Tonya M.
AU - Peck, Christopher C.
AU - Penlington, Chris
AU - Restrepo, Claudia
AU - Rodrigues, Maria Joao
AU - Sharma, Sonia
AU - Svensson, Peter
AU - Visscher, Corine M.
AU - Wahlund, Kerstin
AU - Rongo, Roberto
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2023/11
Y1 - 2023/11
N2 - Background: The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for use in adults is in use worldwide. Until now, no version of this instrument for use in adolescents has been proposed. Objective: To present comprehensive and short-form adaptations of the adult version of DC/TMD that are appropriate for use with adolescents in clinical and research settings. Methods: International experts in TMDs and experts in pain psychology participated in a Delphi process to identify ways of adapting the DC/TMD protocol for physical and psychosocial assessment of adolescents. Results: The proposed adaptation defines adolescence as ages 10–19 years. Changes in the physical diagnosis (Axis I) include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, (ii) adding two general health questionnaires, one for the adolescent patient and one for their caregivers and (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire. Changes in the psychosocial assessment (Axis II) include (i) adapting the language of the Graded Chronic Pain Scale to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessment that have been validated for adolescents and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophizing and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in adolescents. Conclusion: The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II for adolescents, is appropriate to use in clinical and research settings. This adapted first version for adolescents includes changes in Axis I and Axis II requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations of the comprehensive and short-form to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.
AB - Background: The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for use in adults is in use worldwide. Until now, no version of this instrument for use in adolescents has been proposed. Objective: To present comprehensive and short-form adaptations of the adult version of DC/TMD that are appropriate for use with adolescents in clinical and research settings. Methods: International experts in TMDs and experts in pain psychology participated in a Delphi process to identify ways of adapting the DC/TMD protocol for physical and psychosocial assessment of adolescents. Results: The proposed adaptation defines adolescence as ages 10–19 years. Changes in the physical diagnosis (Axis I) include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, (ii) adding two general health questionnaires, one for the adolescent patient and one for their caregivers and (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire. Changes in the psychosocial assessment (Axis II) include (i) adapting the language of the Graded Chronic Pain Scale to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessment that have been validated for adolescents and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophizing and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in adolescents. Conclusion: The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II for adolescents, is appropriate to use in clinical and research settings. This adapted first version for adolescents includes changes in Axis I and Axis II requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations of the comprehensive and short-form to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.
KW - adolescents
KW - diagnostic criteria
KW - dysfunction
KW - pain
KW - temporomandibular disorders
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85173807140
U2 - 10.1111/joor.13488
DO - 10.1111/joor.13488
M3 - Article
C2 - 37144484
AN - SCOPUS:85173807140
SN - 0305-182X
VL - 50
SP - 1167
EP - 1180
JO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
JF - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
IS - 11
ER -