TY - JOUR
T1 - Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders—INfORM recommendations
T2 - Comprehensive and short-form adaptations for children
AU - International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders (INfORM)
AU - Nilsson, Ing Marie
AU - Ekberg, Ewa Carin
AU - Michelotti, Ambrosina
AU - Al-Khotani, Amal
AU - Alstergren, Per
AU - Conti, Paulo Cesar Rodrigues
AU - Durham, Justin
AU - Goulet, Jean Paul
AU - Hirsch, Christian
AU - Kalaykova, Stanimira
AU - Kapos, Flavia P.
AU - King, Christopher D.
AU - Komiyama, Osamu
AU - Koutris, Michail
AU - List, Thomas
AU - Lobbezoo, Frank
AU - Ohrbach, Richard
AU - Palermo, Tonya M
AU - Peck, Christopher C.
AU - Penlington, Chris
AU - Restrepo, Claudia
AU - Rodrigues, Maria Joao
AU - Sharma, Sonia
AU - Svensson, Peter
AU - Visscher, Corine
AU - Wahlund, Kerstin
AU - Rongo, Roberto
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Background: The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) are used worldwide in adults. Until now, no adaptation for use in children has been proposed. Objective: The aim of this study was to present comprehensive and short-form adaptations of Axis I and Axis II of the DC/TMD for adults that are appropriate for use with children in clinical and research settings. Methods: Global Delphi studies with experts in TMDs and in pain psychology identified ways of adapting the DC/TMD for children. Results: The proposed adaptation is suitable for children aged 6–9 years. Proposed changes in Axis I include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding a general health questionnaire for children and one for their parents, (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire and (iv) modifying the clinical examination protocol. Proposed changes in Axis II include (i) for the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessments that have been validated in children and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophising and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in children. Conclusion: The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II, for children aged 6–9 years, is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. This adapted the first version for children includes changes in Axis I and Axis II changes requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.
AB - Background: The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) are used worldwide in adults. Until now, no adaptation for use in children has been proposed. Objective: The aim of this study was to present comprehensive and short-form adaptations of Axis I and Axis II of the DC/TMD for adults that are appropriate for use with children in clinical and research settings. Methods: Global Delphi studies with experts in TMDs and in pain psychology identified ways of adapting the DC/TMD for children. Results: The proposed adaptation is suitable for children aged 6–9 years. Proposed changes in Axis I include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding a general health questionnaire for children and one for their parents, (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire and (iv) modifying the clinical examination protocol. Proposed changes in Axis II include (i) for the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessments that have been validated in children and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophising and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in children. Conclusion: The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II, for children aged 6–9 years, is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. This adapted the first version for children includes changes in Axis I and Axis II changes requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.
KW - children
KW - diagnostic criteria
KW - dysfunction
KW - pain
KW - temporomandibular disorders
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85144152911
U2 - 10.1111/joor.13390
DO - 10.1111/joor.13390
M3 - Article
C2 - 36373958
AN - SCOPUS:85144152911
SN - 0305-182X
VL - 50
SP - 99
EP - 112
JO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
JF - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
IS - 2
ER -