Detection of expansion regions in Portuguese bipolar families

We have studied 24 families with multiple affected members with bipolar disorder to test the hypothesis that in those families clinically showing genetic anticipation [Macedo et al., 1999] we would find large repeat expansions. The families meeting inclusion criteria had a minimum of two affected members over two generations and showed marked anticipation both in terms of age of onset and disease severity. We used the repeat expansion detection (RED) method to test patients (n = 24) and controls from these families and unrelated controls (n = 53). We also genotyped patients and family members from two families with large expansions at the known expansion loci on chromosomes 13, 17, and 18. The RED method revealed a higher number of large expansions in patients compared with controis (t-test; P < 0.0055: Mann-Whitney U; P = 0.02). The patients with the largest expansions were typed at the specific loci on chromosomes 13, 17, and 18 and the chromosome 18 expansion locus segregated with disease in one family, and a second family showed segregation with the expansion located at the SCAB locus on chromosome 13. Genetic anticipation had been analyzed in this cohort of families, with correction for potential ascertainment bias, possible proband effects, cohort effects, regression to the mean, gender effects, and maternal vs. paternal transmission. None of these potential confounds appeared to account for the ohserved anticipation. We also identified that the presence of large expansions in affected family members derives primarily from two families from the genetically isolated Azores population. One family shows segregation with the chromosome 18 locus, whereas the other family segregates with expansions at the SCAB locus. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.