Conceptual models and frameworks for addressing structural inequalities in chronic disease outcomes

Models and frameworks provide the constructs, variables, and illustrations of relationships through which health outcomes are influenced. However, while the role of theory, conceptual models, and frameworks in developing interventions and societal change are widely known and applied across fields of study, models and frameworks are often applied without accounting for the underlying theoretical basis. In addressing structural inequalities, the use of models and frameworks is essential for identifying causal factors influencing population health outcomes. For this reason, understanding the concepts and variables used to develop constructs within models and frameworks is essential for their application. This chapter summarizes 10 models and frameworks, six foundational and contemporary to health equity, and four disease-specific models designed to address structural factors in specific disease outcomes. Underlying theory, specific constructs, variables, and applications for achieving health equity and eliminating health disparities are discussed for each.