Characterizing uncertainty attributable to surrogate models

This paper investigates the characterization of the uncertainty in the prediction of surrogate models. In the practice of engineering, where predictive models are pervasively used, the knowledge of the level of modeling error in any region of the design space is uniquely helpful for design exploration and model improvement. The lack of methods that can explore the spatial variation of surrogate error levels in a wide variety of surrogates (i.e., model-independent methods) leaves an important gap in our ability to perform design domain exploration. We develop a novel framework, called domain segmentation based on uncertainty in the surrogate (DSUS) to segregate the design domain based on the level of local errors. The errors in the surrogate estimation are classified into physically meaningful classes based on the user's understanding of the system and/or the accuracy requirements for the concerned system analysis. The leave-one-out cross-validation technique is used to quantity the local errors. Support vector machine (SVM) is implemented to determine the boundaries between error classes, and to classify any new design point into the pertinent error class. We also investigate the effectiveness of the leave-oneout cross-validation technique in providing a local error measure, through comparison with actual local errors. The utility of the DSUS framework is illustrated using two different surrogate modeling methods: (i) the Kriging method and (ii) the adaptive hybrid functions (AHF). The DSUS framework is applied to a series of standard test problems and engineering problems. In these case studies, the DSUS framework is observed to provide reasonable accuracy in classifying the design-space based on error levels. More than 90% of the test points are accurately classified into the appropriate error classes.