Cardiac structure and function in fetuses of mothers infected with HIV: The prospective P²C²HIV multicenter study

Background: This study was designed to determine if vertically transmitted HIV infection and maternal infection with HIV are associated with altered cardiovascular structure and function in utero. Methods: Fetal echocardiography was performed in 173 fetuses of 169 HIV-infected mothers (mean gestational age, 33.0 weeks; SD = 3.7 weeks) at 5 centers. Biparietal diameter, femur length, cardiovascular dimensions, and Doppler velocities through atrioventricular and semilunar valves and the umbilical artery were measured. Measurements were converted to z scores based on published normal data. Results: Fetuses determined after birth to be HIV-infected had similar echodardiographic findings as fetuses later determined to be HIV-uninfected except for slightly smaller left ventricular diastolic dimensions (P = .01). The femur length (P = .03) was also smaller in the fetuses postnatally identified as HIV-infected. Differences in cardiovascular dimensions and Doppler velocities were identified between fetuses of HIV-infected women and previously published normal fetal data. The reason for the differences may be a result of maternal HIV infection, maternal risk factors, or selection bias in the external control data. Conclusions: Vertically transmitted HIV infection may be associated with reduced left ventricular size but not with altered cardiac function in utero. Fetuses of HIV-infected mothers may have abnormal cardiovascular structure and function and increased placental vascular resistance, regardless of whether the fetuses are subsequently found to be infected with HIV.