Asymmetric histone inheritance regulates olfactory stem cell fates during regeneration

The olfactory epithelium possesses an adult stem cell population, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), to permit lifelong tissue regeneration. Here, we show that HBCs exhibit asymmetric inheritance of histone H4 but not H2A-H2B during olfactory epithelium regeneration in mice. Primary HBC cultures further revealed asymmetric histone inheritance for H3 and H3.3. Upon mitotic exit, asymmetric histone inheritance correlates with asynchronous transcription re-initiation and differential enrichment of p63, a key transcription factor for HBC cell fate. Disruption of asymmetric histone inheritance abolishes these asymmetric cellular features and attenuates olfactory epithelium regeneration and smell behavior recovery. Single-cell RNA sequencing of paired HBC daughters in culture further supports asymmetric multilineage cell fate priming. Together, these findings reveal asymmetric histone inheritance in a mammalian adult stem cell lineage and highlight its biological significance in neural tissue regeneration and animal behavior.