An analysis of biofeedback training effects for tension headache patients

Six tension headache patients were provided feedback training for control of frontalis muscle activity. Electromyogram responses were measured in baseline, feedback, and self-management phases in each of 16 treatment sessions. Self-reports of headaches were obtained four times daily throughout pretreatment, treatment, and follow-up periods. Self-reports were also obtained concurrent with electromyogram measures in the laboratory. The laboratory data show no maintained self-control of muscle activity, and reveal a discrepancy between direction of change of muscle activity and reports of headache intensity. However, the extra-laboratory results indicate changes in self-reports of headaches for three of the six subjects. The discrepancy between the laboratory and extra-laboratory results were discussed.