Advances in the understanding of pediatric sleep bruxism: A narrative review of recent literature

Objectives: Early diagnosis of pediatric sleep bruxism (SB) is essential to prevent its progression into adulthood and mitigate its negative effects on overall well-being and development. This narrative review examined the current state of knowledge on pediatric SB's prevalence, pathophysiology, and technologies for its effective assessment and management. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in multiple databases for studies published within the last five years, involving growing populations with SB, with or without control groups. Manual searches of reference lists from retrieved articles were also conducted to ensure a thorough review. Results: SB prevalence in pediatric populations varies widely, ranging from 9.1 to 67.3%. Despite extensive research, the etiology of SB remains unclear, with multiple factors potentially contributing to its development, including central, psychological, anatomical, and environmental elements. Assessment of SB can be achieved through overnight polysomnography with audio-video recording, parental reports, clinical examinations, and, more recently, advanced technology that uses mandibular jaw movement as an indicator. Given the complex etiology of SB, variable therapeutic approaches have been suggested, including pharmacological, physiotherapeutic, dental, and orthodontic interventions. Effective management of SB necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving sleep physicians, psychologists, orthodontists, pediatric dentists, and specialists in temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. Conclusions: The fragmented and limited evidence on SB highlights the critical need for further research within pediatric populations. Comprehensive studies utilizing precise diagnostic methods are also necessary to fully grasp the prevalence and management strategies for SB. Clinical Significance: Owing to the multifactorial etiology of SB and its significant clinical consequences, effective care requires a comprehensive, interdisciplinary strategy encompassing assessment, patient education, and management.