Advanced 3D biomimetic scaffolds with bioactive glass and bone-conditioned medium for enhanced osteogenesis

The study focuses on developing and evaluating 3D biomimetic fibrous scaffolds to enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone tissue regeneration. Utilizing a synergistic approach, biological and chemical factors were compartmentalized within the fibrous scaffolds through co-axial electrospinning. Bioactive glass (BG) was used for osteo-conductivity, and Bone-Conditioned Medium (BCM) for osteoinduction. The BCM, derived from ovine bone chips, was investigated for its optimal concentration using pre-osteoblast cells. Comprehensive assessment of the scaffolds included physicochemical properties, drug release, cell viability, and osteogenic potential. The scaffold's architecture, confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, effectively emulated the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses verified the successful integration of BG and BCM, while UV–Vis spectroscopy demonstrated controlled BCM release. Both BG and BCM scaffolds notably enhanced osteoblast differentiation, as evident with Alizarin red staining. The combined use of BG and BCM in scaffolds synergistically promoted osteogenic differentiation and viability of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, these scaffolds significantly increased the expression of Bone Sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin (OCN), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) which indicate increase in osteogenic differentiation. This study provides evidence for advanced scaffold systems that can guide cell responses for effective bone tissue regeneration.