Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: Fear versus disgust

Previous research is equivocal regarding whether startle reflex eyeblink is specifically sensitive to the emotion of fear, or is more generally influenced by the valence dimension of emotion. Thirty-five undergraduate participants (17 male) viewed 60 pictures from five affective categories (pleasant, neutral, fear, disgust-blood, and disgust-other). Bilateral eyeblink EMG responses to acoustic startle probes were assessed during 2/3 of picture presentations, and 1/3 of intertrial intervals. Left corrugator and levator EMG responses to no-startle pictures were also examined. Supporting an emotional valence model of affective startle modulation, the startle potentiation effect was not specific to fear materials. In fact, women, but not men, had larger startles during disgust compared with fear pictures. Both corrugator and levator EMG responses were greater to disgust than fear stimuli. These findings limit the generalizability of corrugator as an index of all negative emotions and extend evidence for the specificity of levator to disgust.