Adaptive negative stiffness: A new structural modification approach for seismic protection

Yielding can be emulated in a structural system by adding an adaptive "negative stiffness device" (NSD) and shifting the "yielding" away from the main structural system-leading to the new idea of "apparent weakening" that occurs ensuring structural stability at all displacement amplitudes. This is achieved through an adaptive negative stiffness system (ANSS), a combination of NSD and a viscous damper. By engaging the NSD at an appropriate displacement (apparent yield displacement that is well below the actual yield displacement of the structural system) the composite structure-device assembly behaves like a yielding structure. The combined NSD-structure system presented in this study has a re-centering mechanism thereby avoids permanent deformation in the composite structure-device assembly unless, the main structure itself yields. Essentially, a yielding-structure is "mimicked" without any, or with minimal permanent deformation or yielding in the main structure. As a result, the main structural system suffers less accelerations, less displacements and less base shear, while the ANSS "absorbs" them. This paper presents comprehensive details on development and study of the ANSS/NSD. Through numerical simulations, the effectiveness and the superior performance of the ANSS/NSD as compared to a structural system with supplemental passive dampers is presented. A companion paper presents the NSD and its mechanics in detail.