Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Exacerbations are episodes of increased respiratory and systemic symptoms in patients with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), usually induced by bacterial and/or viral tracheobronchial infection. These episodes are a major contributor to the morbidity, and in advanced disease to the mortality, associated with COPD. A careful clinical evaluation with selected application of diagnostic tests should be followed by individualized management including supportive care, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. Exacerbations can be partially prevented with current treatment of COPD. Advances in our understanding of exacerbation mechanisms are still required to optimize outcomes and initiate effective preventative measures.