A boiling pot of animosity or an alliance of kindred spirits? Exploring connections between Native Americans and African Americans

The relationship between indigenous people and people of African heritage in the United States is a long and complex one. An examination of historical and contemporary connections between indigenous persons and African Americans not only clarifies complex and frequently overlooked parts of American history but sets the stage for examining future possibilities. It is useful for helping professionals to understand these relationships since this history may serve as the basis for positive connections or animosities between clients and professionals. This article begins with a discussion of selected historical intersections between these populations that highlight the complex and varied nature of contacts between these groups. Examples of contemporary interactions illustrate the ongoing, multidimensional nature of connections between Native Americans and African Americans. Implications for the helping professions are drawn from the material presented.